Income Tax · 2025 regime
Income Tax Act, 2025
The new code — bare Act, Rules 2026, Schedules and a section-wise treatise as amended by the Finance Act, 2026. Effective for Tax Year 2026-27 onwards.
- Sections
- 537
- Rules
- 179
- Chapters
- 46
- Schedules
- 5
Chapters
Browse the Act chapter by chapter.
Preliminary
3 sections
Basis of Charge
7 sections
Incomes Not Included
2 sections
Computation of Total Income
84 sections
Income of Other Persons
5 sections
Aggregation of Income
7 sections
Set-off and Carry Forward
14 sections
Deductions
33 sections
Rebates and Reliefs
6 sections
Special Provisions Relating to Avoidance of Tax
17 sections
General Anti-Avoidance Rule
7 sections
Mode of Payment in Certain Cases
5 sections
Determination of Tax in Special Cases
46 sections
Tax Administration
26 sections
Return of Income
6 sections
Procedure for Assessment
35 sections
Special Provisions Relating to Certain Persons
54 sections
Appeals Revisions and ADR
33 sections
Collection and Recovery of Tax
41 sections
Refunds
8 sections
Penalties
34 sections
Offences and Prosecutions
26 sections
Miscellaneous and Repeal
38 sections
Explore
Sections of the Act
Every section with deep commentary, deep-linked and searchable.
537 sections
Rules 2026
Every rule notified under the 2025 Act, with cross-links to the parent section.
179 rules
Chapter-wise treatise
Long-form, chapter-by-chapter analysis — read alongside the section pages.
90 volumes
Statutory texts (PDF)
Income Tax Act, 2025
Official text as amended by Finance Act, 2026.
PDF · 3.3 MB
Income Tax Rules, 2026
Full Rules 2026 — the rules made under the 2025 Act.
PDF · 65 MB
Commentary on the Act
23 chapters · section-wise
ITA 2025 — Chapter I commentary (Vol I)
CHAPTER I — PRELIMINARY BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Short title, extent and commencement. 1. (1) This Act may be called the Income-tax Act, 2025. (2) It extends to the whole of India. (3) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, it shall come into force on the 1st April, 2026. BLOCK 2 :…
ITA 2025 — Foundational (Vols I–II–III)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of the foundational volumes (I-III) carries commentary-grade typography (italicised case names, bold HELD/FACTS tags, indented inverted-comma judgment quotes with ¶ paragraph references, structured sub-headings). All citations are Stage-1C verified. Content materially…
ITA 2025 — Chapter II commentary (Vol II)
CHAPTER II — BASIS OF CHARGE BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Charge of Income-tax. 4. (1) Where any Central Act enacts that income-tax shall be charged for any tax year at any rate or rates, income-tax for such tax year shall be charged at that rate or those rates in accordance with and…
ITA 2025 — Chapter III commentary (Vol III)
CHAPTER III — INCOMES WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF TOTAL INCOME BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Incomes not included in total income. 11. (1) In computing the total income of any person for a tax year under this Act, any income enumerated in Schedules II, III, IV, V and VI shall not be…
ITA 2025 — Chapter IV commentary (Vol IV)
CHAPTER IV — COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME PART A — HEADS OF INCOME (ss. 13-14) BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Heads of income. 13. Save as otherwise provided in this Act, all incomes shall, for the purposes of charge of income-tax and computation of total income, be classified under the…
ITA 2025 — Chapter V commentary (Vol V)
CHAPTER V — INCOME OF OTHER PERSONS INCLUDED IN TOTAL INCOME OF ASSESSEE BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Transfer of income without transfer of assets. 96. All income arising to any person by virtue of a transfer,— (a) whether revocable or not, and whether effected before or after the…
ITA 2025 — Clubbing Aggregation Setoff (Vols V–VI–VII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volumes V-VII applies commentary-grade typography. Content materially preserved from v1; citations Stage-1C verified. VOLUME V | CHAPTER V — INCOME OF OTHER PERSONS | Sections 96–100 BLOCK 1 — TEXT (key extract) (1) In computing the total income of any individual, there…
ITA 2025 — Chapter VI commentary (Vol VI)
CHAPTER VI — AGGREGATION OF INCOME BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Total income. 101. In computing the total income of an assessee, there shall be included all income on which no income-tax is payable under Chapter XVII-A4. BLOCK 2 : CORRESPONDING SECTION IN OLD ACT (1961) Section 66 — In…
ITA 2025 — Chapter VII commentary (Vol VII)
CHAPTER VII — SET OFF, OR CARRY FORWARD AND SET OFF OF LOSSES BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Set off of losses under same head of income. 108. (1) Unless provided otherwise in this Act, for any tax year, if net result of computation from any source under any head of income (other than…
ITA 2025 — Chapter VIII commentary (Vol VIII)
CHAPTER VIII — DEDUCTIONS TO BE MADE IN COMPUTING TOTAL INCOME BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Deductions to be made in computing total income. 115. (1) In computing the total income of an assessee, there shall be allowed from his gross total income, in accordance with and subject to the…
ITA 2025 — Chapter IX commentary (Vol IX)
CHAPTER IX — REBATES AND RELIEFS BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Rebate of income-tax in case of certain individuals. 156. (1) An assessee, being an individual resident in India, whose total income does not exceed [the limit notified under section 202 — typically Rs 7 lakh under the new tax…
ITA 2025 — Rebates TP GAAR Modes (Vols IX–X–XI–XII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volumes IX-XII applies commentary-grade typography. Content materially preserved from v1; citations Stage-1C verified. VOLUME IX | CHAPTER IX — REBATES & RELIEFS | Sections 155–160 BLOCK 1 — TEXT (key extract) (1) An assessee, being an individual resident in India,…
ITA 2025 — Chapter X commentary (Vol X)
CHAPTER X — SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO AVOIDANCE OF TAX BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Computation of income from international transaction and specified domestic transaction having regard to arm's length price. 161. (1) Any income arising from an international transaction or a…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XI commentary (Vol XI)
CHAPTER XI — GENERAL ANTI-AVOIDANCE RULE BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Applicability of General Anti-Avoidance Rule. 178. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, an arrangement entered into by an assessee may be declared to be an impermissible avoidance arrangement and the…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XII commentary (Vol XII)
CHAPTER XII — MODE OF PAYMENT IN CERTAIN CASES, ETC. BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Mode of taking or accepting certain loans, deposits and specified sum. 185. (1) No person shall take or accept from another person any loan or deposit or specified sum, except through— (a) account-payee…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XIII commentary (Vol XIII)
CHAPTER XIII — DETERMINATION OF TAX IN SPECIAL CASES INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 195 — LTCG 12.5% post-FA 2024 s. 112 s. 196 — LTCG listed equity 10% above Rs 1.25 lakh s. 112A s. 197 — Lottery / online gaming 30% s. 115 BB / 115BBJ s. 198 — Unexplained income 60% s. 115 BBE s.…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XIV commentary (Vol XIV)
CHAPTER XIV — TAX ADMINISTRATION INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 237 — Authorities (PCC / CC / PC / C / JC / DC / AC / ITO / Inspector) s. 117 s. 239 — CBDT circulars binding on AOs s. 119 s. 241 — Jurisdiction s. 120, 127 s. 243 — Search and seizure s. 132 s. 244 — Requisition s.…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XV commentary (Vol XV)
CHAPTER XV — RETURN OF INCOME INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 263 — Return of income s. 139 s. 263(5) — Updated return (4 years) s. 139(8A) s. 264 — PAN / Aadhaar linkage ss. 139A, 139AA s. 268 — Defective return s. 139(9) s. 269 — Verification s. 140 s. 270 — Self-assessment s. 140A…
ITA 2025 — Returns Trusts Refunds Penalties (Vols XV–XVII–XX–XXIII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volumes XV / XVII / XX-XXIII applies commentary-grade typography. Content materially preserved from v1; citations Stage-1C verified. VOLUME XV | CHAPTER XV — RETURN OF INCOME | Sections 263–285 BLOCK 1 — TEXT (key extract) (1) Every person, being a company or a firm; or…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XVI commentary (Vol XVI)
CHAPTER XVI — PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSMENT INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 281 — Inquiry s. 142 s. 283 — Summary assessment 143(1) s. 143(1) s. 284 — Scrutiny notice (3 months) s. 143(2) s. 285 — Regular assessment 143(3) s. 143(3) s. 286 -292 — Reassessment + 148A pre-procedure ss.…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XVII commentary (Vol XVII)
CHAPTER XVII — SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN PERSONS INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 332 -339 — Charitable trust gateway exemption ss. 11, 12 s. 336-337 — Registration / 12AB regime ss. 12A, 12AB s. 338 — Denial of exemption s. 13 s. 360-365 — Firms / LLPs ss. 184-189 s.…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XVIII commentary (Vol XVIII)
CHAPTER XVIII — APPEALS, REVISIONS AND ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 CIT(A) appeal ss. 246, 246A, 249-251 JCIT(A) appeal s. 246A ITAT appeal ss. 252-255 HC appeal s. 260A SC appeal ss. 261, 262 Revision by PCIT (revenue-side) s. 263 Revision by PCIT…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XIX commentary (Vol XIX)
CHAPTER XIX — COLLECTION AND RECOVERY OF TAX INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 392 — Salary TDS s. 192 s. 394 — Dividend TDS (10%) s. 194 s. 395 — Interest TDS s. 194A s. 397 — Contractor TDS (1%/2%) s. 194C s. 400 — Rent TDS (10%/2%) s. 194I s. 401 — Property TDS (1%, Rs 50L) s. 194-IA…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XX commentary (Vol XX)
CHAPTER XX — REFUNDS INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 431 — Entitlement s. 237 s. 433 — Form / Limitation s. 239 s. 434 — Appellate refund s. 240 s. 435 — Withholding (FA 2017) s. 241A s. 436 — Interest (0.5%/month) s. 244A s. 437 — Set-off against demand s. 245 Practitioner notes…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XXI commentary (Vol XXI)
CHAPTER XXI — PENALTIES INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 s. 439 — Under-/mis-reporting (50%/200%) s. 270A s. 441 — Audit default (0.5% of turnover) s. 271B s. 442 — TDS / TCS non-deduction s. 271C / 271CA s. 443 — Cash transactions (s. 269SS/ST) s. 271D / 271DA s. 444 — Electronic mode…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XXII commentary (Vol XXII)
CHAPTER XXII — OFFENCES AND PROSECUTION INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Search violations ss. 275A, 275B Failure to pay TDS / TCS s. 276B / 276BB Wilful evasion (Rs 25L+) s. 276C Wilful failure to furnish return s. 276CC False statement s. 277 Falsification of books s. 277A Abetment s.…
ITA 2025 — Chapter XXIII commentary (Vol XXIII)
CHAPTER XXIII — MISCELLANEOUS BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Repeal and savings. 536. (1) The Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) is hereby repealed. (2) The repeal shall not — (a) revive anything not in force; (b) affect the previous operation of the repealed Act; (c) affect any right,…
Chapter I — Preliminary
CHAPTER I — PRELIMINARY | INDEX OF SECTIONS Chapter I of the Income-tax Act, 2025 contains 2 sections — Section 1 (Short title, extent and commencement) and Section 2 (Definitions, 112 clauses). Each section in this chapter is published as a separate file inside this folder. This Index file lists…
Chapter II — Basis of Charge
CHAPTER II — BASIS OF CHARGE | INDEX OF SECTIONS Chapter II of the Income-tax Act, 2025 contains 7 sections (ss. 4 to 10) — the substantive charging architecture, scope of total income, residence rules, deeming provisions for receipt and accrual, and the Portuguese Civil Code apportionment rule…
Chapter III — Incomes Not Included
CHAPTER III — INCOMES NOT INCLUDED | INDEX OF SECTIONS Chapter III of the Income-tax Act, 2025 contains 2 sections (ss. 11-12) — the gateway provisions for the exempt-income architecture. The 2025 Act re-architects the 1961 s. 10 inline-enumeration into separate Schedules II through VIII. Section…
Chapter IV · Part A — Part A — Heads of Income
CHAPTER IV — PART A — HEADS OF INCOME | INDEX OF SECTIONS Chapter IV of the Income-tax Act, 2025 — Computation of Total Income — is organized in six Parts (A through F) covering 83 sections (ss. 13-95). Part A (this folder) is the foundational part — establishing the five Heads of Income…
Chapter IV · Part B — Part B — Salaries
CHAPTER IV — PART B — SALARIES | INDEX OF SECTIONS Part B of Chapter IV — Salaries — covers 5 sections (ss. 15-19) — the entire substantive law for the Salaries head of income. Section 15 charges salary on the earlier of due/receipt basis; ss. 16-18 supply the substantive scope (salary,…
Chapter IV · Part C — Part C — Income from House Property
CHAPTER IV — PART C — INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY | INDEX OF SECTIONS Part C of Chapter IV — Income from House Property — covers 6 sections (ss. 20-25): the charge ( s. 20 ), annual value computation ( s. 21 ), deductions ( s. 22 ), arrears of rent / unrealised rent recovered ( s. 23 ), co-owners (…
Section 1 — Short Title Extent Commencement
BLOCK 1 — VERBATIM TEXT OF SECTION 1, INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 (drawn from official PDF) Marginal note — Short title, extent and commencement 1. (1) This Act may be called the Income-tax Act, 2025. (2) It extends to the whole of India. (3) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, it shall come into…
Section 10 — Portuguese Civil Code Apportionment
BLOCK 1 — VERBATIM TEXT OF SECTION 10 (drawn from official PDF) Marginal note — Apportionment of income between spouses governed by Portuguese Civil Code If a husband and wife are governed by the community of property system (known as “COMMUNIAO DOS BENS” under the Portuguese Civil Code of 1860)…
Section 11 — Incomes Not Included
Section 11 is the gateway provision for the entire exempt-income architecture of the 2025 Act. Unlike the 1961 Act (where 1961 s. 10 enumerated 60+ sub-clauses inline), the 2025 Act re-architects exemptions into separate Schedules — II (exempt incomes generally), III (gratuity / pension /…
Section 12 — Political Parties and Electoral Trusts
Section 12 is the gateway provision for the special exemption regime applicable to political parties and electoral trusts. Unlike s. 11 which routes general exemptions through Schedules II-VII, s. 12 routes political-party/electoral-trust exemptions exclusively through Schedule VIII. This…
Section 13 — Heads of Income
Section 13 is the classifier provision for the entire computation framework. It enumerates the five Heads of Income under which all chargeable income must be classified for computation of total income. Each Head has its own dedicated computation chapter (Part B-F of Chapter IV) — Salaries (ss.…
Section 14 — Income Not Forming Part of TI - Expenditure
Section 14 codifies the long-standing principle that EXPENDITURE incurred to earn EXEMPT income is NOT deductible against TAXABLE income. This is the substantive rule under-pinning the famous Rule 8D framework (1961 s. 14 A read with Income-tax Rules, 1962 r. 8D). The 2025 Act preserves this…
Section 2 — Definitions
Section 2 carries 112 numbered clauses defining terms used throughout the Income-tax Act, 2025. This file reproduces the verbatim text of Section 2 drawn from the official PDF (Income-tax Act, 2025 as amended by Finance Act, 2026), followed by a 1961-counterpart mapping table, and Block 3…
Section 4 — Charge of Income-tax
BLOCK 1 — VERBATIM TEXT OF SECTION 4 (drawn from official PDF) Marginal note — Charge of income-tax (1) Where any Central Act enacts that income-tax shall be charged for any tax year at any rate or rates, income-tax for such tax year shall be charged at that rate or those rates in accordance with…
Section 5 — Scope of Total Income
BLOCK 1 — VERBATIM TEXT OF SECTION 5 (drawn from official PDF) Marginal note — Scope of total income (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the total income of any tax year of a person, who is a resident, includes all income from whatever source derived, which— (a) is received or deemed to be…
Section 6 — Residence in India
BLOCK 1 — VERBATIM TEXT OF SECTION 6 (drawn from official PDF) Marginal note — Residence in India (1) For the purposes of this Act, residential status in India in a tax year of a person shall be determined as per the provisions of this section. (2) An individual shall be resident in India in a tax…
Section 7 — Income Deemed Received
BLOCK 1 — VERBATIM TEXT OF SECTION 7 (drawn from official PDF) Marginal note — Income deemed to be received and dividend deemed to be income in a tax year (1) The following incomes shall be deemed to be received in the tax year:— (a) the annual accretion in that year to the balance at the credit…
Section 8 — Dividend Income
BLOCK 1 — VERBATIM TEXT OF SECTION 8 (drawn from official PDF) Marginal note — Dividend income (1) Where a specified person receives during the tax year any capital asset or stock-in-trade, or both, from a specified entity in connection with the dissolution or reconstitution of such specified…
Section 9 — Income Deemed to Accrue in India
Section 9 is the cornerstone of cross-border income taxation in India. It enumerates eight categories of income deemed to accrue or arise in India (regardless of where actually earned) — including business connection, royalty, fees for technical services, indirect transfer of Indian assets through…
Expanded deep-dives
High-impact areas, treated in depth
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Capital Gains (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 re-cut of Volume IV-Expanded Capital Gains supersedes the v1 issued earlier in the calibration cycle. The corrections folded in concern (a) the pin-cite and (b) the precise proposition attributed to CIT v. Dalmia Investment Co. Ltd., (1964) 52 ITR 567 (SC), which had…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Capital Gains v2 (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 re-cut of Volume IV-Expanded Capital Gains supersedes the v1 issued earlier in the calibration cycle. The corrections folded in concern (a) the pin-cite and (b) the precise proposition attributed to CIT v. Dalmia Investment Co. Ltd., (1964) 52 ITR 567 (SC), which had…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: HP (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 of Volume IV-Expanded House Property folds in deletions of multiple unverifiable case-law attributions present in v1. On verification through the Stage-1C master citations audit, the following cases could not be located in any authoritative reporter and are hereby…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: HP v2 (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 of Volume IV-Expanded House Property folds in deletions of multiple unverifiable case-law attributions present in v1. On verification through the Stage-1C master citations audit, the following cases could not be located in any authoritative reporter and are hereby…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Other Sources (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volume IV-Expanded Other Sources deletes the fictional case Vaani Estates v. CIT (Karnataka HC) which v1 had cited as authority for s. 56(2)(viib) angel-tax valuation. On Stage-1C verification, no such case exists. The angel-tax DCF-valuation principle is correctly…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Other Sources v2 (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volume IV-Expanded Other Sources deletes the fictional case Vaani Estates v. CIT (Karnataka HC) which v1 had cited as authority for s. 56(2)(viib) angel-tax valuation. On Stage-1C verification, no such case exists. The angel-tax DCF-valuation principle is correctly…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: PGBP (Vol IV)
CHAPTER IV — PART D — PROFITS AND GAINS OF BUSINESS OR PROFESSION (EXPANDED) BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Income from Profits and Gains of Business or Profession to be computed as per Sections 28 to 54. 27. The income referred to in section 26 shall be computed as per the provisions of…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: PGBP General (Vol IV)
BHARAT TAX — INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 This Volume sets out the General Provisions of the Profits and Gains of Business or Profession head (Sections 26 to 44 of the Income-tax Act, 2025) at full practitioner depth. Each section is presented in the standard three-block format: (i) substance of the new…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: PGBP General v2 (Vol IV)
BHARAT TAX — INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 This Volume sets out the General Provisions of the Profits and Gains of Business or Profession head (Sections 26 to 44 of the Income-tax Act, 2025) at full practitioner depth. Each section is presented in the standard three-block format: (i) substance of the new…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: PGBP Specialised (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 corrects the direction of CIT v. Anand Theatres, (2000) 244 ITR 192 (SC). v1 had stated the case as authority for cinema/hotel buildings qualifying as 'plant'. On verification, the Supreme Court HELD THE OPPOSITE — buildings used for running a cinema or a hotel do NOT…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: PGBP Specialised v2 (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 corrects the direction of CIT v. Anand Theatres, (2000) 244 ITR 192 (SC). v1 had stated the case as authority for cinema/hotel buildings qualifying as 'plant'. On verification, the Supreme Court HELD THE OPPOSITE — buildings used for running a cinema or a hotel do NOT…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Salaries (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volume IV-Expanded Salaries folds in the following corrections: (1) the HRA-to-parent principle — wrongly attributed in v1 to a non-existent SC case Pradeep Kumar Jindal — is now correctly anchored on the Tribunal authorities Bajrang Prasad Ramdharani (Ahd Trib 2013) and…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Salaries HP OS (Vol IV)
CHAPTER IV — PARTS B, C, F COMBINED EXPANDED PART B — SALARIES (EXPANDED) BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Profits in lieu of salary defined. 18. (1) For the purposes of this Part, 'profits in lieu of salary' includes — (a) Compensation for termination / modification of terms of employment;…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Salaries v2 (Vol IV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volume IV-Expanded Salaries folds in the following corrections: (1) the HRA-to-parent principle — wrongly attributed in v1 to a non-existent SC case Pradeep Kumar Jindal — is now correctly anchored on the Tribunal authorities Bajrang Prasad Ramdharani (Ahd Trib 2013) and…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Deductions (Vol VIII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 applies the commentary-grade typography (italicised case names, bold HELD/FACTS tags, indented inverted-comma judgment quotes with ¶ paragraph references, structured sub-headings) to Volume VIII-Expanded Deductions. No material citation defects were identified in v1 during…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Deductions v2 (Vol VIII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 applies the commentary-grade typography (italicised case names, bold HELD/FACTS tags, indented inverted-comma judgment quotes with ¶ paragraph references, structured sub-headings) to Volume VIII-Expanded Deductions. No material citation defects were identified in v1 during…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Special Tax (Vol XIII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 applies commentary-grade typography. No material citation defects identified in v1 (Stage-1C audit). Major SC anchors — Apollo Tyres (MAT computation), HCL Comnet (book-profit additions), Vodafone International (indirect transfer) — are all VERIFIED. SECTIONS 193-194 —…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Special Tax v2 (Vol XIII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 applies commentary-grade typography. No material citation defects identified in v1 (Stage-1C audit). Major SC anchors — Apollo Tyres (MAT computation), HCL Comnet (book-profit additions), Vodafone International (indirect transfer) — are all VERIFIED. SECTIONS 193-194 —…
ITA 2025 — Expanded combined: Combined (Vols XIV–XVIII)
CHAPTER XIV — TAX ADMINISTRATION (EXPANDED) BLOCK 1 : SECTION TEXT (NEW ACT, 2025) Income-tax authorities. 237. (1) The CBDT may, with the previous approval of the Central Government, appoint such persons as it thinks fit to be income-tax authorities. (2) Hierarchy of income-tax authorities:…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Tax Administration (Vol XIV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 of Volume XIV-Expanded Tax Administration carries two editorial corrections. First, Vinod Solanki v. UOI, (2009) 233 ELT 157 (SC) — cited in v1 for the income-tax retraction principle — is in fact a Customs/FERA matter. The income-tax retraction line traces to…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Tax Administration v2 (Vol XIV)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 of Volume XIV-Expanded Tax Administration carries two editorial corrections. First, Vinod Solanki v. UOI, (2009) 233 ELT 157 (SC) — cited in v1 for the income-tax retraction principle — is in fact a Customs/FERA matter. The income-tax retraction line traces to…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Assessment (Vol XVI)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 supersedes the v1 of Volume XVI-Expanded Procedure for Assessment. The principal correction concerns the precise ratio of Hexaware Technologies Ltd. v. ACIT (Bombay High Court, 2024). v1 had attributed to Hexaware the proposition of 'information specificity threshold'…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Assessment v2 (Vol XVI)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 This v2 supersedes the v1 of Volume XVI-Expanded Procedure for Assessment. The principal correction concerns the precise ratio of Hexaware Technologies Ltd. v. ACIT (Bombay High Court, 2024). v1 had attributed to Hexaware the proposition of 'information specificity threshold'…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Appeals (Vol XVIII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 applies commentary-grade typography. No material citation defects identified in v1 (Stage-1C audit). Major SC anchors — Hinduja Foundries (jurisdictional fact), Income-tax Bar Association v. UOI, ITC Ltd. v. CIT (powers of CIT(A)), are all VERIFIED. BLOCK 1 — TEXT (key…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: Appeals v2 (Vol XVIII)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 applies commentary-grade typography. No material citation defects identified in v1 (Stage-1C audit). Major SC anchors — Hinduja Foundries (jurisdictional fact), Income-tax Bar Association v. UOI, ITC Ltd. v. CIT (powers of CIT(A)), are all VERIFIED. SECTION 351 — APPEAL TO…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: TDS TCS (Vol XIX)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volume XIX-Expanded TDS/TCS/Recovery deletes the following unverifiable case-law attributions present in v1: G.T. Karnataka v. CIT, Universal International Music v. CIT, and the specific 'India Cine Agencies' citation. The TDS-on-foreign-payments principle is correctly…
ITA 2025 — Expanded: TDS TCS v2 (Vol XIX)
EDITORIAL NOTE TO v2 v2 of Volume XIX-Expanded TDS/TCS/Recovery deletes the following unverifiable case-law attributions present in v1: G.T. Karnataka v. CIT, Universal International Music v. CIT, and the specific 'India Cine Agencies' citation. The TDS-on-foreign-payments principle is correctly…
Commentary on the Rules, 2026
11 volumes · rule-wise
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 1-2 (Vol I)
RULES 2026 — INTRODUCTORY NOTE BLOCK 1 : RULE TEXT (NEW RULES, 2026) Short title and commencement. 1. (1) These rules may be called the Income-tax Rules, 2026. (2) They shall come into force on the 1st April, 2026. BLOCK 2 : CORRESPONDING RULE IN OLD RULES (1962) Short title and commencement.…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 3-14 (Vol II)
RULES 3 TO 14 — DEFINITIONAL AND COMPUTATIONAL RULES INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 3 — Indian dividend declaration arrangements ( s. 2(42) ) Rule 27 / similar of 1962 Rules Rules 4-5 — Recognised stock exchange ( s. 2(92) ) Rules 6DDA-6DDB Rule 6 — Period of holding ( s. 2(101) /…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 15-21 (Vol III)
RULES 15 TO 21 — SALARIES, PERQUISITES & HOUSE PROPERTY INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 15 — Perquisite valuation ( s. 17 ) Rule 3 Rule 16 — RPF / NPS / Super accretion ( s. 17(1)(i) ) Rule 3B Rule 17 — Salary income carve-out ( s. 17(1)(c)(ii) ) Rule 3A part Rule 18 — Hospital…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 22-48 (Vol IV)
RULES 22 TO 48 — PROFITS AND GAINS OF BUSINESS OR PROFESSION INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 22 — Bank advances ( s. 31 ) Rule 6ABA Rule 23 — ZCB discount ( s. 32(d) ) Rule 8B Rule 25 — Depreciation rates ( s. 33 ) Rule 5 + Appendix I Rule 26 — Cash disallowance exceptions ( s.…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 49-59 (Vol V)
RULES 49 TO 59 — CAPITAL GAINS COMPUTATION, FMV, OTHER SOURCES INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 49 — ULIP capital gain ( s. 67(5) ) Rule 8AD Rule 50 — Partner-firm distribution attribution ( s. 72(5) ) Rule 8AB Rule 51 — Original fund / IFSC relocation Rule 21AJ Rule 52 — Cost rules…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 60-76 (Vol VI)
RULES 60 TO 76 — DEDUCTIONS, REBATES, RELIEFS, DTAA & FTC INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 60 — Amalgamation carry-forward ( s. 116 ) Rule 9C Rule 61 — Disability medical authority (s. 127 / 154) Rule 11A Rule 62 — Specified disease prescription (s. 128) Rule 11DD Rule 63 —…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 77-130 (Vol VII)
RULES 77 TO 130 — TP, SAFE HARBOUR, APA, GAAR, MODE OF PAYMENT INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rules 77-84 — TP methods and ALP Rules 10A-10E Rules 85-86 — Documentation, Form 3CEB Rule 10D / 10E Rules 87-92 — Master File / CbCR Rules 10DA / 10DB Rules 93-99 — Safe Harbour Rules…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 131-200 (Vol VIII)
RULES 131 TO 200 — SPECIAL TAX / TRUSTS / RETURNS / PAN INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 131 — MAT Form 29B Rule 8B / 40B Rule 132 — AMT Form 29C Rule 8AC Rules 136-138 — Trust registration Form 10A Rules 17 / 17A Rules 139-142 — Trust audit Form 10B Rule 17B / 17C Rules 149-150 —…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 201-260 (Vol IX)
RULES 201 TO 260 — ASSESSMENT, FACELESS, APPEALS, REFUNDS INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 201 — s. 281 inquiry notice Rule 12B Rule 203 — Faceless assessment Rule 12C / Faceless Scheme Rule 209 — s. 287 A reassessment SCN FA 2021 procedural Rule 216 — DRP procedure (s. 306) Rule 14B…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 261-310 (Vol X)
RULES 261 TO 310 — TDS / TCS / ADVANCE TAX INCOME-TAX ACT, 2025 INCOME-TAX ACT, 1961 Rule 261 — TDS deposit (7th of next month) Rule 30 Rule 262 — Form 16 (salary) Rule 31 Rule 263 — Form 16A (non-salary) Rule 31 Rule 264 — Form 26QB (property) Rule 30 / Form 26QB Rule 265 — Form 26QC (rent) Rule…
Income Tax Rules 2026 — Rules 311-333 (Vol XI)
RULES 311 TO 333 — PENALTIES, OFFENCES, MISCELLANEOUS APPENDIX III — INDEX OF FORMS (Selected) The new Rules 2026 include over 200 Forms in Appendix III. Form numbering has been re-cast (sequential) compared to the 1962 Rules' alphabetic / mixed numbering. Below is a condensed index of the…
Commentary on the Schedules
Schedules I to XVI
Schedules — I II (Vol 1)
SCHEDULES — INTRODUCTORY NOTE SCHEDULE I — Conditions for Activities Not to Constitute Business Connection in India Schedule I implements section 9(12) of the new Act, which provides that the activities of an eligible investment fund through an eligible fund manager located in India shall not, by…
Schedules — III VII (Vol 2)
SCHEDULES III TO VII — SPECIALISED EXEMPT INCOMES SCHEDULE III — Income Not to be Included in Total Income of Eligible Persons Schedule III: General — Eligible Investment Funds / VCFs / Cat I-II AIFs / Sovereign Wealth (Pre-IFSC) SCHEDULE TEXT [See section 11 ] Income not to be included in total…
Schedules — VIII X (Vol 3)
SCHEDULES VIII TO X — POLITICAL PARTY / SECTOR-SPECIFIC RESERVES SCHEDULE VIII — Political Parties and Electoral Trusts Schedule VIII — Exempt Income of Political Parties and Electoral Trusts SCHEDULE TEXT [See section 12 ] Schedule VIII is the operative Schedule for political party / electoral…
Schedules — XI XII (Vol 4)
SCHEDULES XI TO XII — PROVIDENT FUNDS AND AUDIT SCHEDULE XI — Provident Funds, Superannuation Funds, Gratuity Funds Schedule XI is divided into five Parts: Part A — Recognised Provident Fund (RPF). Part B — Approved Superannuation Fund (ASF). Part C — Approved Gratuity Fund. Part D — National…
Schedules — XIII XVI (Vol 5)
SCHEDULES XIII TO XVI — SPECIALISED LISTS AND TABLES SCHEDULE XIII — List of Articles or Things Schedule XIII — Articles excluded from R&D / Specified Business Deductions SCHEDULE TEXT [See section 45(2) ] Schedule XIII enumerates the list of 'undesirable' articles / products excluded from…