Chapter X

Section 161 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 -- the foundational charging section for the transfer-pricing regime under Chapter X. Sub-s. (1) directs that income from an INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTION ( s. 163 ) or SPECIFIED…

Section 162 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 A -- the gateway definition for the TP regime. The definition has TWO LIMBS: (1) a direct / indirect-management-participation test (sub- s. 1 ); (2) a 13-clause DEEMING TRIGGER list…

Section 163 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 B -- the definition of INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTION for TP scope. The definition is broad: any transaction between TWO OR MORE ASSOCIATED ENTERPRISES, either or both of whom are…

Section 164 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 BA -- the definition of SPECIFIED DOMESTIC TRANSACTION (SDT) bringing certain DOMESTIC AE-style transactions into the TP net. SDT was originally introduced FA 2012 to address…

Section 165 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 C -- the engine of TP determination. The provision specifies FIVE METHODS for ALP determination -- each suitable for different transaction types -- and requires the MOST APPROPRIATE…

Section 166 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 ss. 92CA + 92D + 92E -- the procedural framework for TP enforcement: (a) AO's reference to specialised Transfer Pricing Officer (TPO); (b) TPO's determination of ALP under s. 165 ; (c)…

Section 167 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 CB -- the SAFE HARBOUR RULES authorising CG to prescribe categories of international transactions and corresponding margin / pricing thresholds where assessee's reported margin…

Section 168 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 CC -- the Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) framework introduced FA 2012. APA is a forward-looking certainty mechanism where CBDT (with CG approval) and assessee pre-agree on ALP /…

Section 169 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 CD -- the procedural mechanism for assessees to FILE MODIFIED RETURN incorporating ALP / methodology agreed in APA ( s. 168 ). When APA is signed (typically 24-36 months after…

Section 170 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 CE -- the SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT framework introduced FA 2017 with FA 2019 / FA 2021 refinements. Where TP primary-adjustment increases income (e.g., AO's TP-adjustment / APA…

Section 171 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 92 D and s. 286 (BEPS Action 13 implementation). It mandates maintenance and furnishing of TP DOCUMENTATION for international transactions. Three-tier framework per OECD BEPS Action 13:…

Section 172 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 92E of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 172 imposes a reporting obligation on every person who has entered into an international transaction or a specified…

Section 173 supplies the definitional anchors for the TP regime (referred to throughout ss. 161, 162, 163, 165, 171, 172). Key definitions: (a) ENTERPRISE -- person engaged in business / profession including PE; (b) PERMANENT…

Section 174 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 93 -- a SPECIFIC ANTI-AVOIDANCE provision targeting offshore-asset-transfers designed to avoid Indian tax. The provision predates GAAR (Chapter XI) and continues alongside it.…

Section 175 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 94 -- the BOND WASHING and DIVIDEND STRIPPING anti-avoidance regime. The provision targets securities-trading patterns designed to transfer interest / dividend income to tax-favoured…

Section 176 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 94 A -- the NOTIFIED JURISDICTIONAL AREA (NJA) regime introduced FA 2011 to address jurisdictions failing to share tax information with India (FATF non-compliant / non-cooperative).…

Section 177 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 94 B -- the THIN CAPITALISATION rule introduced FA 2017 implementing BEPS Action 4. The provision restricts deduction for INTEREST / ROYALTY / FTS payable to associated enterprises ( s.…