Chapter XIX

Section 390 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 190 -- the foundational charging provision establishing that INCOME TAX shall be PAYABLE by way of: (a) DEDUCTION OR COLLECTION AT SOURCE; OR (b) ADVANCE PAYMENT (advance tax…

Section 391 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 is the substantive equivalent of section 191 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. It establishes the residual rule that where TDS has not been deducted (or where an income falls outside the deduction net),…

Section 392 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds substantively to sections 192 and 192A of the Income-tax Act, 1961. It is the cornerstone TDS provision for employer-employee remuneration, accommodating the dual-regime architecture…

Section 393 is the MASTER TDS PROVISION consolidating 1961 ss. 192-196D into a single comprehensive section with extensive Tables. THE LARGEST SECTION IN THE ENTIRE ACT (~80K bytes verbatim). Covers ALL TDS categories: SALARY (192);…

Section 394 is the substantive equivalent of 1961 s. 206 C -- the TAX COLLECTED AT SOURCE (TCS) framework targeting SELLER-SIDE collection on specified goods / services. The provision establishes that SELLER must COLLECT specified…

Section 395 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds substantively to sections 197 (lower deduction certificate), 197A (declaration in Forms 15G/15H/15CA-CB) and the related certificate-issuance framework of the 1961 Act. It permits a…

Section 396 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 is the substantive equivalent of section 198 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. It establishes the foundational principle that for purposes of computing the income of the assessee, tax deducted at source…

Section 397 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 consolidates the compliance and reporting framework that, under the 1961 Act, was distributed across sections 200(3) (quarterly statements), 203 (TDS certificates), 203A (TAN), 206 (annual return) and ancillary rules.

Section 398 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 consolidates the consequences regime that, under the 1961 Act, was distributed across sections 201 (assessee in default), 201(1A) (interest), 206C(6)/(7) (TCS default), and 234E (late filing fee).…

Section 399 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 is the substantive equivalent of section 200 A (TDS) and section 206 CB (TCS) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. It establishes the centralised processing mechanism for quarterly TDS/TCS statements at the…

Section 400 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 is the substantive equivalent of section 197 A(1F) and the power to issue notifications under sections 192 to 196D / 206C of the 1961 Act. It empowers the Central Government to notify, by…

Section 401 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 is the substantive equivalent of section 205 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. It bars the Revenue from raising direct demand on an assessee for tax which has already been deducted at source by the…

Section 402 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 is the consolidated definitional provision for Chapter XIX (TDS / TCS Sub-Chapter). Under the 1961 Act, definitions were scattered across Explanations to ss. 192, 193, 194, 194A, 194B, 194C, 194D,…

Section 403 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 207 (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 403 establishes the liability…

Section 404 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 208 (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 404 specifies the conditional…

Section 405 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 209 (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Computation rule: estimated total income…

Section 406 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 210 (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Self-assessment mechanism: assessee…

Section 407 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 210(3) /(4) (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Where AO has reason to believe that…

Section 408 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 211 (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Instalment schedule -- non-presumptive…

Section 409 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 218 (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Where assessee fails to pay any instalment…

Section 410 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 219 (FA 1987) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, restated within the consolidated advance tax framework of Chapter XIX. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Advance tax paid is treated as tax paid;…

Section 411 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 220 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 411 fixes when an amount demanded in a notice under s. 289 (other than advance tax) must be paid, levies interest…

Section 412 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 221 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 412 empowers the Assessing Officer to levy a penalty on an assessee who is in default, or is deemed to be in…

Section 413 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to ss. 222 and 224 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 413 authorises the Tax Recovery Officer to draw up a certificate of arrears against an assessee who is in…

Section 414 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 223 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 414 identifies the Tax Recovery Officer who is to recover arrears through a certificate under s. 413. Jurisdiction…

Section 415 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 225 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 415 governs recovery proceedings in two situations. First, where the Tax Recovery Officer grants time for payment of…

Section 416 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 226 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Detailed enumeration of recovery modes -- 88 lines in statutory text. Includes attachment,…

Section 417 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 227 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE TRO may forward certificate to State Collector (or equivalent) for recovery as arrears of land revenue. Useful where State…

Section 418 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 228A of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 418 gives effect to agreements entered into by the Central Government with the Government of a country outside…

Section 419 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 229 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 419 is a single-sentence provision that extends the recovery machinery for tax to other sums. Any sum imposed by way…

Section 420 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 230 (FA 1959) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Persons leaving India may be required to obtain tax clearance certificate under specified circumstances.…

Section 421 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 232 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 421 is a saving provision. It declares that the several modes of recovery specified in this Part do not affect in…

Section 422 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 173 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 422 deals with recovery of tax where the person entitled to income referred to in s. 9(2) is a non-resident. The tax…

Section 423 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234 A (FA 1989 from 1-4-1989) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Interest at 1% per month (or part of month) from due date u/s 139(1) [ s. 263 of 2025] to date of…

Section 424 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234 B of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Interest at 1% per month (or part of month) where: (a) advance tax paid is < 90% of assessed tax, OR (b) no advance tax…

Section 425 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234 C of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Interest for shortfall in instalments: 1% per month for 3 months (or 1 month for last instalment). Default benchmarks: 15%…

Section 426 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234 D of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Where refund granted u/s 143(1) is found excess on regular assessment ( s. 143(3) ), interest at 0.5% per month from date…

Section 427 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234E of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 427 was substituted by the Finance Act, 2026, w.e.f. 1-4-2026. The substituted section levies a daily fee for two…

Section 428 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234F of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Section 428 was substituted by the Finance Act, 2026, w.e.f. 1-4-2026. In its current form it levies a fee, without…

Section 429 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234G of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Fees for failure to furnish statements like SFT ( s. 285 BA), accountant's report under…

Section 430 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 corresponds to s. 234 H (FA 2021) of the Income-tax Act, 1961. STATUTORY ARCHITECTURE Fee up to INR 1,000 for failure to link PAN with Aadhaar by prescribed date. PAN becomes inoperative if not…